Wherever a civilization was born, introductory levels of mathematical science was gifted in its effects, in this route the position of numbers in human life are obvious. Some of these numbers have long-life connections with our beliefs and their etymology acquaints us with the reasons for their prevalence in the history of ancient nations. This paper investigates and explains the position of number science in astronomy and chronometry of ancient tribes using a descriptive-analytical approach. The research seeks to find out to what extent the primitive man has been able to explain the successive and regular natural phenomena by comparing and calculating them accurately and proportionally, such as the movement of celestial bodies and their effects on the early calendar. Amongst the natural phenomena, regular and calculated repetition of night and day, the periodic changes of the different forms of the moon, and the periodic changes of the hot and cold seasons, have been of attention of the primitive man. The result of this study is to reach to the discussion that the origin of each chronometry and calendar is consistent with the number of seasons change, nights and days, and the annual alternating rotation. This has been achieved by applying the numbers and motions of the cosmos and stars, the movements of the stars and their precise measurement in various tribes from ancient Iran to Mesopotamia by using mathematical knowledge and numbers has been able to make a huge change in the ancient nations and caused progress for mankind.